Water Pollution - 3746 Words

Abstract India’s vast and developing population is putting quite a stress on all of the country’s natural resources. Most sources of water are polluted by unmanaged sewage and agricultural overflow. Even though the country has made some progress, water contamination is still a big issue throughout the country. Although access to clean drinking water has improved, the World Bank calculated that 21% of communicable diseases in India are still related to contaminated water. According to water.org, In India, diarrhea alone causes more than 1,600 deaths daily, the same as if eight jumbo jets crashed to the ground each day. Hygiene is another problem that affects India, in the city and in rural areas. In rural areas of the country latrines†¦show more content†¦However the population in rural areas is declining because people are moving to the cities. People are leaving the rural areas because they want to move away from living off the land. Mumbai is the largest city in India, more than 12 million people live there (Sekhar, amp; Padmaja, 2013). With the growing population it becomes harder to keep up with sanitation and health care. Only two cities in India have continuous water supply and an estimated 69% of India still lack access to improved sanitation facilities (Goli, amp; Arokiasamy, 2013). The government claims that they don’t have enough funds to supply everyone with clean water. Affected Population The majority of Indias population follows the Hinduism religion. Hindu religious practices happen in the central locations sometimes at the river banks. The Hindu religious practice involves immersing statues as well as throwing flowers, pots, ashes and disposing of cremated bodies into the rivers (Idol immersion polluting Indias waters, 2012). Indias holiest river named the Ganges is considered to be a source of spiritual purification and healing which can have restorative powers for devout Hindus. The Ganges runs for 1,550 miles and has more than two dozen urban centers located on its banks. 400 million people live along this river. Around two million people are ritually bathing in the river every day. Hindus believe that by immersing their love one’s body into the water theyShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Water Pollution905 Words   |  4 Pages Pollution is a term applied to any environmental state or manifestation which is harmful or unpleasant to life, resulting from failure to achieve or maintain control over the chemical, physical or biological consequences or side effects of human scientific, industrial and social habits (Feugo, 2008; Anderson et al., 2005). From another perspective, water pollution refers to any physical, biological or chemical change in water quality that adversely affects living organisms and makes water unsuitableRead MoreThe Pollution Of Water Pollution1851 Words   |  8 PagesFresh Water Pollution WILLIAM WRIGHT GRANTHAM UNIVERSITY In this paper I will discuss one of the world’s problems which is the pollution of the Fresh Water Systems in the United States. I will show how the pollution of fresh water affects land, air and plant life to include humanity. When water is polluted it can affect all living things. Some of the human activities that can be affected is the drinking water, without fresh drinking water humans would not be able to surviveRead MoreWater Pollution Is the Contamination of Water Bodies2408 Words   |  10 PagesWater pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans and groundwater). Water pollution affects plants and organisms living in these bodies of water; and, in almost all cases the effect is damaging not only to individual species and populations, but also to the natural biological communities. Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful compounds. Contents [hide] †¢ 1 IntroductionRead MoreWater And Water Pollution1298 Words   |  6 PagesWhen a person is asked what water is, the first things that they say are; water is drinkable, used for showers, simple, washing, etc.. But people don’t really know how complex and important water is for our kind. Water is one of the most precious things we humans have, but we don’t realize it and we damage it without caring for the consequences. Water and water pollution are two things that we should all have in mind. Even though we see water as just a liquid, but there’s more to it than its formRead MoreWater Pollution2810 Words   |  12 PagesThesis Statement: Water pollution is bringing down the economy, destroys the beauty of nature, and causing harmful dreaded diseases and sickness in precious health of many individual. INTRODUCTION Water pollution progresses every day in our lakes, oceans, rivers, and other bodies of water that we see and use in many ways. Water is essential for all living things to survive, yet people still pollute it. Its pretty sad to be taking a trip to the beach with your family and you get there to seeRead MoreWater Pollution1198 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent traces of water pollution. Water pollution is when there are traces of both biological agents and toxic chemicals. If these agents and chemicals bypass the usual number that is found in the water, it will become a threat. Having these chemicals in the water not only affects the human bodies but it also affects the environment. There are three different types of water pollution. The three different types of pollution are chemical, biological and radiological. Chemical water pollution occurs whenRead MoreWater Pollution Is The Contamination Of Water2181 Words   |  9 Pagesfinal paper is water pollution, water pollution is the contamination of natural water bodies that contain many hazardous chemicals that can affect human health. This can have devastating consequences in the lower poorer countries around the world where there is no way for the people there to have access to fresh ,and clean water. That s why in this final essay it explains to the reader all of the hazardous ways you or your family could and even may be at risk for water pollution wherever you goRead MoreThe Air Pollution And The Water Pollution1790 Words   |  8 Pagesenvironments, specifically the air pollution and the water pollution. China began seeing an increase in cancer a few decades ago when their industrial movement began. Pollution from the factories seem to be the leading cause of cancer in the Chinese population. This is a major socioeconomic issue because in order to clean the environment, factories would be forced to close or relocate. Initially, the Chinese government denied that cancer was a byproduct of pollution. Although recently they were forcedRead MoreThe Importance Of Water Pollution1575 Words   |  7 PagesWater pollution is a serious environmental issue worldwide. 1 Water is one of the most valuable resources on our planet; having clean water is vitally important for our survival. Here in the United States, the Clean Water Act of 1972 was very successful in reducing point sources of water pollution; however, it has been ineffective in reducing nonpoint sources of water pollution (Manuel, 2014). Nitrogen and phosphorous that originate from agricultural sources, such as manure and inorganic fertilizerRead MoreEssay On Water Pollution1200 Words   |  5 PagesWater is one of the most needed elements for survival on Earth. All organisms contain it, drink it or live in it. Water pollution has been an increasing problem for many generations. Pollution has been around for more than a century, but people did not believe that it was a real threat until it became more aggressive over the years. Pollution comes in many forms such as agricultural, runoff, industrial, sedimentary, animal wastes, etc. For example, many industries began using synthetic materials

Organized Crime During the Roaring Twenties - 1145 Words

The 1920s, or the Roaring Twenties as this epoch is often referred to as, was a major turning point in America history. During this time period many American citizens believed and even acted out of hedonism. This mindset of the general population and along with other dilemmas led to a stunning and rapid increase in the amount of organized crime. The sudden uproar of organized crime during the 1920s was caused mainly by prohibition that gave rise to many street gangs, all with one man at its helm, which caused a massive increase in police forces. During the 1920s, the eighteenth amendment was enacted making the sale and consumption of alcohol illegal throughout the entire United States. This time period is referred to as the age of†¦show more content†¦Capone, along with many other gangsters all of whom participatepd in thriving criminal organizations, realized the opportunity for immense wealth that prohibition brought along. It was not long before Torrio, along with Capone, expanded their criminal organization to involve many other gangs in Chicago. Torrio and Capone controlled the south side while George Bugs Moran and his men controlled the north. These two sides had it in for one another and in January 1925, Morans men attacked Torrio seriously injuring him. Frightened for his life, Torrio left the crime behind and fled the country leaving Capone in charge. Capone was now in charge of one of the wealthiest and most prosperous criminal organizations in all of history. Now that Capone was in charge of the most prosperous criminal organization in history, he was able to strengthen his ties to the criminal world, ...Capone ran a sprawling criminal empire that included bootlegging operations, liquor distilleries and beer breweries, speakeasies, gambling establishments, prostitution rings, racetracks, and nightclubs, (Howes . pg. 24). He and his affiliates took part in many heinous criminal activities throughout this epoch, but the most nefarious of all was the St. Valentines Day massacre of 1929. Capone was looking for some time to expand his business into the northern parts of Chicago that were under the control of Moran. Many attempts had been made on the lives of the two menShow MoreRelatedOrganized Crime During the Roaring Twenties678 Words   |  3 PagesOrganized Crime During the Roaring Twenties The 1920s, or the Roaring Twenties as this epoch is often referred to as, was a major turning point in America history. During this time period many American citizens believed and even acted out of hedonism. This mindset of the general population and along with other dilemmas led to a stunning and rapid increase in the amount of organized crime. The sudden uproar of organized crime during the 1920s was caused mainly by prohibition that gave rise to manyRead MoreEra of Prohibition in THe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald1473 Words   |  6 Pagesincrease in organized crime, notorious icons, and unhealthy lifestyle, the Era of Prohibition represented the Roaring Twenties which F. Scott Fitzgerald vividly portrayed in The Great Gatsby. Alcoholic beverages were illegal in the Roaring Twenties, which caused many Americans to develop hidden bars or speakeasies to drink their alcoholic beverages. The number of speakeasies increased tremendously when the Prohibition Act was established. The high number of speakeasies caused organized activity toRead MoreThe Street Empire916 Words   |  4 Pageseconomic prosperity, but none as thriving as the 1920s era, labeled the â€Å"Roaring Twenties†. The 1920s era saw great political and social change to the United States society. The US economy blossomed, and the nations total wealth more than doubled in the 1920s era. As a result of this social and political change as well as the success of the economy, transformed many Americans into a consumer society. The great economic success during the time period also created an excess of money to spend, which wasRead MoreEvents of The Roaring Twenties985 Words   |  4 PagesThe Roaring Twenties were a time of new behaviors, att itudes, and freedoms which were all presented during the Prohibition. The Roaring Twenties were an era of social, political, and dramatic change. During this age, freedoms were expanded yet, in some cases, they were diminished. Prohibition was an enormous part of this era. Prohibition was ratified as the 18th Amendment in 1919, banning the manufacture and sale of alcohol. The three main contributions from Prohibition were: bootlegging, organizedRead MoreThe Dark Side of the Roaring Twenties1310 Words   |  6 PagesThe Roaring Twenties, most of the things we hear about the twenties are of good, happy times and of advances in technology and medicine. When we picture the twenties, we picture people dancing, listening to jazz and driving Model Ts. Also, in the twenties, the pretty was quite prosperous. But, there was a dark side to the Roaring Twenties. Those years there were some troubling trends and events, which many forget when thinking of that decade; prohibition, organized crime , nativism and the returnRead MoreThe Roaring Twenties By F. Scott Fitzgerald860 Words   |  4 PagesThe decade known as the Roaring Twenties was a celebration of youth and culture. All of America seemed to have an unquenchable thirst for entertainment and art. So life during the 1920’s brought new forms of entertainment, new movements in the arts, and new attitudes and fashion for women. Movies quickly became a national pastime, radios became a primary news source, painters started capturing the realities and dreams of America, and music composers created a distinct type of music called jazz. TheRead MoreThe Essence Of The 1920 S1659 Words   |  7 Pages1920’s in The Great Gatsby â€Å"The Roaring Twenties was the period of great American prosperity which was built on shaky foundations.† For decades, the 1920’s have been interpreted as a period of economic prosperity and social change in which the novel The Great Gatsby was born. In the early 1920’s, the United States experienced a period of immense reorganization of social and economical life; therefore, this post- World War I era became referred to as â€Å"The Roaring 20’s†, â€Å"The Jazz Age†, or â€Å"The AgeRead MoreF. Scott Fitzgerald and Modernism779 Words   |  3 PagesF. Scott Fitzgerald and Modernism During the roaring twenties, the United States was a blemished nation. Crime and corruption were at an all-time high, the bootlegging business was booming, and throughout all this, people were euphoric. This time period during the nineteenth and twentieth century was captured by numerous artists, writers, musicians, and entertainers in their attempts to break from traditional values in what is known as modernism. A modernist is in simple terms a rebel. One whoRead MoreThe United States Of America Hit An All Time Low During The Roaring 20 s With The Presence Of954 Words   |  4 PagesCinevert 1 Outline The United States Of America hit an all-time low during the Roaring 20’s with the presence of prohibition and organized crime. I. The Jazz Age Jazz Music Dance Appliances II. The New Women KKK Flappers 19th Amendment III. Mass Culture More Spending Money .First Radio Affordable Consumer Product ( Automobile) Read MoreThe Memorable Periold of the 1920s in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald1168 Words   |  5 Pagesoccurring. Throughout the 1920s, commonly referred to as the â€Å"Roaring Twenties†, were the Women’s Rights Movement, Prohibition, and The Great War, among other events. Fitzgerald grew up during this era, which he described in his novel The Great Gatsby as a time when much sinfulness and immorality was occurring. Excessive drinking, extravagant parties, organized crime, and gambling were all major social issues throughout the â€Å"Roaring Twenties.† Fitzgerald struggled with alcoholism (Baughman, et al.),

Satire in Huck Finn Free Essays

Huckleberry Finn Banned†¦or Not? Picture a river; not just any kind of river, the Mississippi River. Now picture yourself on a raft, but you’re not alone. There’re two other people with you, known as Huckleberry Finn and Jim. We will write a custom essay sample on Satire in Huck Finn or any similar topic only for you Order Now Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain is known widely as a satirical novel, but due to the satirical techniques Twain uses all throughout the book has caused it to become controversial on whether it should or should not be banned. Although Twain may appear to be racist in Huckleberry Finn, he actually wrote the book during the Reconstruction Era but based the book during Pre-Civil War to show the â€Å"good ole times† when the white southerners had slaves. Because Twain uses so many satirical techniques to help show readers that slavery is horrible, therefore Adventures of Huckleberry Finn should not be banned. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was and still is considered a satirical novel because of its use of caricature, broadside, irony, and social satire (maybe even a little of parody). Mark Twain uses satire to prove his point on slavery. And in order to accomplish that, he has to use all sorts of satirical techniques. He uses broadside to show the racism in the south, There isn’t any book out there in the world that is known that Mark Twain doesn’t use satire. In Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Huck tries to decide whether he should â€Å"commit a sin† to steal back a captured slave, and when he sees that he wants to steal Jim back, he tears up the note and says, â€Å"All right, then, I’ll go to h___†. 208). This is satirical because Twain is using irony to show that Huck thinks he is doing something horrible when he is actually doing a good deed. This is an example of a â€Å"good† satirical technique used in the book. However, there are plenty reasons why many schools have banned the book. For example, Twain uses broadside a lot causing libraries and schools to think of it as being racist making them banning the book. How to cite Satire in Huck Finn, Papers

Business Model Deconstruction of Trujet for Entrepreneurship

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Model Deconstruction of Trujet for Entrepreneurship. Answer: Introduction Lately, the business model has been the focal point of generous consideration by both scholastics and experts. Since 1996 there have been no less than 2,100 papers distributed in peer-reviewed scholastic journals where the thought of a business model is tended to (Ansgar and Diana, 2011). The business model has likewise been the subject of a developing number of professional arranged studies. In the field of management, the transcendent worldview of a reasonable upper hand depends on the idea that productive and compelling utilization of particular assets and abilities brings about unrivaled firm execution. This thought does not block the presence of similarities, but rather it implies that organizations, in any event, require someone of kind assets and capacities with a specific end goal to perform superior to their rivals. Exact studies bolster this view and even demonstrate that business methodologies that equally join the standard center tend to indicate bring down execution than "unadulterated" vital introductions. Apparently careless in regards to these discoveries, a pattern of the meeting of methodologies and structures ("business models") can be seen in the aircraft business. Carriers which were at first in light of thorough minimal effort practices, (for example, dodging real air terminals or offering just point-to-point systems), developed toward alleged cross breed business models by executing practices that had beforehand just been actualized by setting up full-service transporters (Binod and Devi, 2013). Business Model of TruJet TruJet serves a scope of clients, including both general customers and business elements. Most of the company's clients are general travelers, involving singular explorers, gatherings and families. While the airline offers intensely valued airfares, it isn't a minimal effort carrier and accordingly does not advertise itself to clients looking for the least expensive costs. Likewise, TruJet gives corporate travel administration services to experts and gives an authority program to little and medium-sized ventures to guarantee that they get a decent profit for their interest in air travel. Business and general shopper clients are likewise given payload and delivery services, directed to a great extent at clients wishing to transport pets, pharmaceuticals, perishables, and high-esteem things. TruJet gets the dominant part of its income from its home market. It additionally serves various global clients partitioned into geographic sections. However, this might contribute to downside risk in that customers or passengers could be from a specific region only. Another potential risk for TruJet is the increasing fuel cost which may possibly reduce their profitability. The changes I would make are introduction of cargo business, TruJet should be a full-service carrier, and lastly partner with a worldwide airline to cater for international clients. Key Partners Code sharing partners (IndiGo, Air India) Alliance Partners (Air India Express, Alliance Air) Activities Develop customer relations Marketing and create awareness Value Proposition Technological innovation Distribution innovation Relationships Bulk buyers Buying clubs Loyalty discounts Referral discounts Customer Segmentation Families International businessmen Lonely rich individuals Resources Product Brand Team Partner supplier network Channels Trade shows Social media Website Cost Structures Staff salaries Equipment facilities costs Regulatory compliance Maintenance fuel costs Revenue Streams Product (tickets) sales Franchising fees Table 1: Business Model Canvas of Trujet Critical Success Factors Center corporate rationale represents the basic thoughts and qualities that frame the reason for the long-haul introduction of the firm (Trujet). It is also the embodiment of how an organization plans to put itself inside its industry. Since the center rationale is normally seen as a determination of a company's vital introduction, it needs to portray how the firm is connected to its condition and how it plans to make an incentive in this particular setting. Accordingly, we propose to additionally separate this first segment to mirror the particular inward introduction of the firm as its inside strategy decisions, and the present situating in its pertinent condition as its outside value arrange (Charles, Gerald and Daniel, 2011). The inward strategy decision measurement subsumes the key attributes of an organization's fundamental interior structure that speak to its center esteems. Subsequently, the interior strategy decisions cover components that characterize the exercises that ought to be done and by whom. More correctly, the interior arrangement decisions can be subdivided into the principal business approach decisions as, reflected conspicuously in the carrier's essential course outline, and in the work strategy decisions for precisely depicting the organization's structure as indicated by a typical comprehension of the authoritative design. Work strategy contrasts with aircraft are associated in the outline with the hierarchical superstructure (pecking order design) and workforce. The second segment of a business model structure alludes to the basic outline of the value creation framework as per the given center corporate rationale as a long-haul regularizing rule. This part is known as the arrangement of significant worthy exercises and speaks to a company's genuine engineering that produces an incentive for clients by putting long haul regularizing thoughts without hesitation. Subsequently, a movement framework point of view is advanced that records for the fairly mid-to short-term introduction, and that covers the applicable components for depicting the airline's esteem chain. To distinguish the particular components, Porter's idea of the value chain offers a valuable rule. The quantity of Porter's proposed exercises for this subcomponent is totaled into three measurements portrayed as inbound exercises, real generation (or change) exercises, and showcasing exercises. According to Eden (2013), the principal measurement covers all components that allude to the assignment of info factors into the change arrange. The distribution of info components can be best portrayed by thinking about the acquirement design, which covers all pertinent sourcing exercises. Given the noticeable quality of the flying machine as a noteworthy information factor in the value creation exercises of an airline, sourcing is isolated from the general acquisition work. Different Business Models The model is currently exemplarily connected by operationalizing the business models of five chose airlines at particular focuses on time. Considering the current elements in the airline markets and the booming period of amazing low-cost carrier (LCC) participants into the market, the period from 2003 to 2010 is picked, which speaks to the decade that accomplished the most eruptive change inside the European airline industry. For the praiseworthy information test, five German airlines liable to represent the range of unmistakable accessible airline business models are considered. For this reason, one agent airline following the minimal effort approach and one administration situated airline installed inside a huge multiservice aeronautics aggregate is considered. From the German viewpoint, Germanwings (4U) is ordinarily thought to be a thorough LCC. Conversely, Lufthansa Passage (LH), as the mainline airline inside the Lufthansa gathering, is a normally utilized case of an administra tion situated premium transporter. Notwithstanding these polarizing illustrations, the information test was expanded by considering Air Berlin (AB), Condor (DE), and Germania (JO), each with business model attributes in the middle of the recognizable business array (Fillis, 2010). Lufthansa is the main airline that demonstrated propelled airline business model qualities regularly connected with the conventional full-service carrier (FSC) model. For instance, Lufthansa was working a propelled hub system; though the other four airlines were somewhat point-to-point situated. Lufthansa, which effectively actualized a broad collaboration arrangement with a few flight and non-avionics accomplices, was utilizing its stomach limit with respect to payload transportation and offered a few propelled services to its clients, for example, consistent travel and a settled regular customer program. Conversely, none of these attributes were extensively noticeable all through alternate airlines, yet cargo transport is profitable. Be that as it may, when looking at the values in 2003 and 2010, the image plainly changed. With the exception of Germania, alternate airlines obviously started to receive practices that were just formally utilized by the full-benefit airline Lufthansa. These airlines started to widen their collaborative approach and opened up their stomach limit with regards to payload transportation. In addition, propelled traveler services, for example, consistent travel and long-standing customer programs moved toward becoming products among the airlines. However, the model joining examination additionally showed that the development is for the most part determined by previous LCC-situated airlines. Conversely, Lufthansa appears to have a somewhat stable airline business model as its qualities remain principally consistent from 2003 and today. Generally, despite the fact that the illustrative meeting investigation depends on a diminished thing setup, showing on a simple premise a merging pattern in airline business model attributes in the German airline industry is conceivable. Besides, signs were found to assume a merging bearing toward the first FSC model (Johan and Alistair, 2017). Conclusion The point of this paper was to build up a steady estimation structure that empowers a methodical evaluation of airline business models. Specifically, likenesses among various airlines ought to be recognizable by the system. For this reason, this examination incorporated the airline-and technique related writing and built up a system in light of distinguished segments, its making measurements, and the airline business particular thing design. The proposed structure and thing format was approved through meetings with airline industry specialists. Where required, changes were made to empower this investigation to build up a system of three pertinent segments made out of an aggregate of 40 committed things that most thoroughly measure airline business models. The handiness of the inferred structure was represented by exemplarily applying it to an underlying example of traveler airlines. In spite of the fact that the excellent merging investigation depended on a decreased thing subset of just eleven things, a simple sign of a meeting pattern in airline business model attributes was conceivable in the airline business in the course of the most recent eight years. However, to infer point by point separation suggestions for components of individual airline business models, the fairly new subject of airline integration examination should be contemplated in more noteworthy detail, by the two specialists and scholastics. Along these lines, the outcomes bolster the mission for a more definite examination of airline business models after some time. References Ansgar J. Thiessen Diana J. Ingenhoff. (2011). Safeguarding reputation through strategic, integrated and situational crisis communication management: Development of the integrative model of crisis communication. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 16(1), 8-26. Binod K. Shrestha Devi R. Gnyawali. (2013). Insights on strategic management practices in Nepal. South Asian Journal of Global Business Research, 2(2), 191-210. Charles G. Petersen, Gerald R. Aase Daniel R. Heiser. (2011). Journal ranking analyses of operations management research. International Journal of Operations Production Management, 16(3), 405-422. Eden, B. L. (2013). International Business Research: Strategies and Resources. Collection Building, 32-33. Fillis, I. (2010). The art of the entrepreneurial marketer. Journal of Research in Marketing and Entrepreneurship, 15(1), 87-107. Johan G. Alistair R. A. (2017). Entrepreneurship and context: when entrepreneurship is greater than entrepreneurs. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior Research, 23(2), 267-278. Kim M., Sherrena B. Helen I. (2013). Business research in virtual worlds: possibilities and practicalities. Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal, 18(2), 352-373. McPhee, W. C. (2014). A new sustainability model: engaging the entire firm. Journal of Business Strategy, 35(2), 4-12. Natalie T.J. Tindall Derina H. (2012). Toward an integrated model of communication: the case of South Africa. Journal of Communication Management, 10(4), 371-387. Pia U., Eva B. Joakim W. (2013). The role of entrepreneurship education and start?up experience for handling communication and liability of newness. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior Research, 19(2), 187-209. Satish K. Mittal Rajesh Pillania. (2014). Business Research in India. Journal of Management Development, 28(4), 68-74. Svensson, G. (2013). Processes of substantiations and contributions through theory building towards theory in business research. European Business Review, 14(5), 466-480. Tiwana, A., McLean, R. E. (2001). Towards a theory of architectural knowlegde integration capability: a test of an empirical model in E-Business project teams. European Conference on Information Systems, (pp. 787-793).

The Wise Judge free essay sample

The Wise Judge Narrator 1 : The widow Yemswitch was a good old woman. But she had long since grown hard of hearing. She had a small flock of sheep that she tended. One day, the sheep wandered. Setting out to look for them, she met farmer Mulugueta who had just finished his plowing. Widow: â€Å"Ato Mulugueta,† said the widow, â€Å"have you seen my sheep today? † Narrator 2:Now farmer Mulugueta was a good old man, but, he, too, had grown hard of hearing. Since he had just come from the field, he thought she was sking about his plowing. Farmer :â€Å"Yes, Wizero Yemswitch,† he answered. I have worked very hard today. † Narrator 1 : He pointed toward his powed field to show her what he had done. Narrator 2 : The widow had not understood a word. She thought he was pointing toward her lost flock of sheep. Widow:â€Å"Thank you, farmer Mulugueta,† she said. â€Å" If I find them there I shall give you one. We will write a custom essay sample on The Wise Judge or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † Narrator 1 2:They bowed politely to each other. Narrator 1 : Then the widow went looking where the farmer had pointed. As luck would have it, she found the sheep just over the hill. She was grateful to the farmer for noting so carefully the way they had gone. In a little while, they might have been found by leopard or jackals. She discovered that one of the lamb had injured a leg. She decided to give this lamb to the farmer. Going to his house, she found him preparing his supper for his wife had been dead for many years. Widow:â€Å"Ato Mulugueta,† she said. â€Å"I found the sheep where you said they where. I brought you this lamb for your reward. † Narrator 2:Mulugueta did not hear a word,but he saw that the lamb had an injured leg. He thought the widow Yemswitch was accusing him of the injury. Farmer:â€Å"Oh no,† said the farmer . â€Å" I had nothing to do with it. Why should I hurt your lamb? † Widow:The widow only heard the word â€Å"No†. She thought Mulugueta wanted a better sheep. â€Å"You are a greedy man,† she said. â€Å"All you did was point the direction. Tale this lamb or you’ll get none at all. † She tried to put the lamb in his arm. Farmer:The farmer refused it. †I will not pay for this lamb,† he said. I had nothing to do with its injury. † Narrator 1 2 :They began to argue and say foolish things. This made little difference, of course, since neither could hear what the other was saying. But they made so much noise. Policeman:Then at last a policeman came by. He insisted that they go to a judge to settle their quarrel. Narrator 2:They went to a court of an old and wise judge. This judge, justice Yasu, throughout the land for his fairness. Although he was wise he was also deaf and almost blind. Thus, he could not judge by the way they look. This made him a very fair judge. Widow :The widow Yemswitch told the story first, then pointing to the lamb, she said, â€Å"My reward is generous. . . Ato Mulugueta is a greedy man to want more. † Narrator 2:Mulugueta then explain patiently that he was a kind man who would never hurt a little lamb. Farmer:â€Å"I was busy in my field,† he said. â€Å"I had not even seen the lamb. But she brought it to my house and blamed me for its injured leg. † Narrator 2:Justice Yasu listened carefully, but he couldn’t catch a word. For some time, he peered at the farmer and the widow. At last he made out an old man and an old woman. The lamb in the woman’s arm, he decided was a child. Having had experience with the people’s troubles the judge decided that this man and woman wanted a divorce. They wanted him to say which one should keep the child. Judge :â€Å"How many years have you been married? † asked the judge. Narrator 1 :The widow listened carefully but she only heard the words â€Å"how many. † She thought the judge had ask how many sheep she owned. Widow:â€Å"Twenty your honor,† she shouted loudly. Narrator 2 :The judge heard this answer, and reached his decision. Judge:â€Å"I am ashamed of you both. You’ve been married for twenty years and still have not learned to live together. You must go back and try harder. You must make a good home for your little child. If you do not, I shall put you both in prison. That is all. This case is dismissed. Narrator 2:Neither the farmer nor the widow could hear him but at last, the bailiff made them understand the judge’s decision. Widow : â€Å"Make a home together? † cried the widow. But we are not married! † Bailiff :â€Å"Then get married at once ,† said the bailiff. â€Å"If you don’t obey thejudge decision, he will put you in prison. † Widow :And so the widow, Farmer:and the farmer, Widow Farmer : went to a priest and were married that night. Narrator 1:Since she was a very good cook, Narrator 2 :And he was a very god farmer, Narrators 1 2 :and neither could hear the other they live happily ever after. And wise judge Yasu became still more famous throughout the land. -Nathalie-

Essay about master budgeting 11072014

Essay about master budgeting 11072014 Essay about master budgeting 11072014 A budget is a ï ¬ nancial plan of the resources needed to carry out tasks and meet ï ¬ nancial goals. A master budget is part of an overall organization plan for the next year, made up of three components: (1) organizational goals, (2) the strategic long-range proï ¬ t plan, and (3) the master budget (tactical short-range proï ¬ t plan). Long-range plans are achieved in year-by-year steps. The guidance is more speciï ¬ c for the coming year than it is for more distant years. The plan for the coming year is called the master budget. The master budget is also known as the static budget, the budget plan, or the planning budget. The income statement portion of the master budget is often called the proï ¬ t plan. The master budget indicates the sales levels, production and cost levels, income, and cash ï ¬â€šows anticipated for the coming year. In addition, these budget data are used to construct a budgeted statement of ï ¬ nancial position (balance sheet). Budgeting is a dynamic process that ties together goals, plans, decision making, and employee performance evaluation. The master budget and its relationship to other plans, accounting reports, and management decision-making processes are diagrammed in this diagram: Although each organization is unique in the way it puts together its budget, all budgeting processes share some common elements. After organizational goals, strategies, and long-range plans have been developed, work begins on the master budge, a detailed budget for the coming fiscal

The traditional view of the legal supremacy of the UK Parliment Essay

The traditional view of the legal supremacy of the UK Parliment withstood all challenges to it. The UK's membership of the European Union has though finally ki - Essay Example on of the statute by both the Houses of Parliament and the grant of Royal Assent for those statutes, then the courts do not question the validity or legitimacy of the statutes; and only apply them. In Edinburgh & Dalkeith Railway Co. v Wauchope, the plaintiff railway company had obtained a private Act for its purposes. The defendant approached the court and argued that this private Act was detrimental to his interests and that it affected him unfavourably. He beseeched the court to examine the legitimacy of the Act. The court refused to intervene in the matter on the grounds that the Act had been passed in both the Houses of Parliament, and that it had also received the Royal Assent. Consequently, the court rejected the plea of the defendant. Thus, courts comply with statutes that have been properly enacted by Parliament (Edinburgh & Dalkeith Railway Co. v Wauchope). The tendency of courts in dealing with the legitimacy of statutes, enacted by Parliament was clearly exhibited in Ex Parte Canon Sewyn (Ex Parte Canon Sewyn) and Pickin v British Railways Board (Pickin v British Railways Board). The Factortame case challenged this sovereignty and compelled the English courts to suspend legislation that had been enacted by Parliament in due course. As such the Factortame case proved to be a major blow to the constitutional provisions of Parliamentary sovereignty. In R v. Secretary of State for Employment (R v Secretary of State for Employment, ex p. Equal Opportunities Commission); the House of Lords, on the basis of the Factortame decision, adopted a much more liberal approach. The Factortame decision had clearly demarcated the sovereignty of the Parliament; and this made it possible for their Lordships to bring about far reaching changes to the constitution. In this regard, their Lordships, refrained from instructing the Secretary of State and they also did not inform him that the EC law was being breached by him. The House of Lords restricted their intervention to

Read an article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Read an article - Essay Example However, a contradiction in this theory came in the form of Hayek, who believes that it is not a problem of lack of private property, rather; the lack of knowledge that presents a challenge to socialism (Hoppe 143). This paper will examine the author of Socialism: A Property or Knowledge Problem and his line of thought. This is while focusing on what ideas he might offer the audience in terms of the concepts of socialism, and how it might affect them. Hans-Hermann Hoppe chose to discredit Hayek with his theory, saying that it was completely false and ridiculous. In an effort to discredit Hayek and his school of thought, he brings forth arguments to support Mises’s thesis. Mises’s thesis advocates for the presence of private property in land and production factors for there to be proper channels of economic calculation. There being a medium of exchange in the form of money, it would then be possible to calculate and make comparison of the economic situation. Hoppe makes the assumption that Hayek does not have the right arguments to support his thesis about socialism. Hayek purports that socialism and its ultimate flaw is that knowledge about certain circumstances of place and time exist in widely dispersed form, as the personal possession of various individuals (Hoppe 144). Hoppe may have an inclination toward Mises’s school of thought. ... The author, Hoppe, criticizes Hayek by asking a question that would be on the minds of the audience about why clubs, firms, and families exist if his line of thought were to be true. It is Hayek’s belief that a decentralized use of knowledge may lead to the solving of socialism’s ills. In this decentralized use of knowledge, individuals are left to their own devices and can make their decisions (Hoppe 144). To some extent, the above may be true. However, the author tries to explain that when individuals are left to their own decision making abilities, it would be next to impossible to ignore the central plan, as they would not be constrained by the normal things in society. He further claims that if the deciding factor or the solution to socialism’s problems was a decentralized form of thinking, it would be a daunting task to explain why the problems faced by socialism are different from those faced by any other social order. According to Mises and his followers, this line of thought is beside the point. Hoppe points out that it is not the existence of centralized knowledge, or the lack of the use of decentralized knowledge that brings problems to socialism, rather; the absence of property. This ultimately leads to the lack or absence of prices (Hoppe 145). The author claims that Hayek came to realize what Mises had said, but tried to integrate it into his own thesis. This, according to Hoppe, was an elaborate attempt to create a higher and much better theory or line of thinking with regards to the socialism theory, which failed miserably. It is clear from the above that agreeing that socialism’s central or key problem lies in the lack of knowledge. According to the author, private property is the only channel through which information can be transferred.

The Original Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Original - Case Study Example NCEMA was established on the 14th of May 2007 under the organizational structure of the Higher National Security Council of the United Arab Emirates to ensure citizens’ safety, protect all residents of the UAE and secure the country’s property. Being under the Higher National Security Council, the National Emergency Crisis and Disaster Management Authority falls under the jurisdiction of the Executive Affairs Department in the GM office, this is a government department that was established in 2010. The Authority is located in Abu Dhabi and it has about 300 employees. NCEMA plays the role of lead organization when it comes to crisis management and emergencies in the UAE. The organization’s mission is to promote the country’s capabilities in the management of crisis and emergencies. The organization’s roles involve the regulation and coordination of the entire efforts of emergency and management of crisis. By ensuring that it sets the requirements for business continuity, the Authority enables quick recovery after emergencies through joint planning. It pursues the development of a national plan designed to give a response in times of emergencies as well as coordinates communication at the national and lo cal level during emergencies. NCEMA has several departments, the Executive Affairs Department is a new department that was established in 2010 and operates under the office of the General Manager. The other departments under NCEMA include the Operations Department, Planning and Preparedness Department, Support Services Department, ICT Department, Media and Public Information Department, and the Safety and Prevention Department. The organization is known for its high performance standards. It focuses on promoting development, consolidation, maintenance of laws, policies, and procedures of emergency, and the management of all crises at the national level The first most important person in NCEMA is the organization

Simulation of Current Computer Networks

Simulation of Current Computer Networks The current Internet is based on IP protocol and supports only best effort services. With the exponential growth of Internet during the last years, IP networks are expected to support not only typical services like ftp and email, but also real-time services and video streaming application. The traffic characteristics of these applications require a certain Quality of Service (QoS) from the network in terms of bandwidth and delay requirements. We examine three queuing disciplines which are widely deployed and we compare their performance using simulation carried out in OPNET. The queuing disciplines considered in this paper are: First-In-First-Out (FIFO), Priority Queuing (PQ) and Weighted Fair queuing (WFQ). Background: In general, a queue is a line of people or things waiting to be handled, usually in sequential order starting at the beginning or top of the line or sequence. In network prospective packets are queuing in memory buffer of network devices like router and switch. Generally the packets are managed in first in first out fashion. To improve the quality of services different techniques use with the following properties like packets are handled fairly and prioritized properly. Several queuing techniques are uses to manage internet traffic, FIFO, WFQ, PQ. FIFO is common in all the queuing schemes, as it describes the basic method in which packets flow through queues. First in First out Queue (FIFO): FIFO queuing is the most basic queue scheduling discipline. In FIFO queuing, all packets are treated equally by placing them into a single queue, and then servicing them in the same order that they were placed into the queue. FIFO queuing is also referred to as First come, first served (FCFS) queuing. Figure 1: FIFO Queue. Priority Queue (PQ): Priority queuing (PQ) is the basis for a class of queue scheduling algorithms that are designed to provide a relatively simple method of supporting differentiated service classes. In classic PQ, packets are first classified by the system and then placed into different priority queues. Packets are scheduled from the head of a given queue only if all queues of higher priority are empty. Within each of the priority queues, packets are scheduled in FIFO order. Figure 2: Priority Queue. Weighted Fair Queue (WFQ): This is the combination of PQ and Fair Queue. In fair queue the problem is solved some queues may not get serviced because high-priority queues are being serviced. A round-robin approach is used to service all queues in a fair way. In WFQ All queues are serviced so that none are starved, but some queues are serviced more than others. A weight is applied to queues to give some queues higher priority. For example, one queue may get half the available bandwidth and other queues will get an allocation of the remaining bandwidth. Traffic may be prioritized according to packet markings, source and destination IP address fields, port numbers, and information in the ToS field. WFQ weights traffic so that low-bandwidth traffic gets a fair level of priority. If high-priority queues are not in use, lower-priority traffic uses its queues. This prevents high-bandwidth traffic from grabbing an unfair share of resources. WFQ uses an intelligent congestion management solution that provides à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“fairà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  sharing of the interface bandwidth between multiple traffic flows. A traffic à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“flowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (or conversation) is a unidirectional sequence of packets, defined based on the protocol type, the source/destination IP addresses, the source/destination ports numbers (when available), and partially on the IPv4 ToS byte value. For example, an HTTP file transfer between two hosts represents one packet flow, while ICMP packets sent from one host to another represents a second. The WFQ shares this buffer space between all flow queues. Figure 3: Weighted Fair Queue. Problem Solutions Q1: Analyze the graphs we obtained and verify the overlap of the Voice Packet End to End Delay and Voice Packet Delay Variation graphs. Compare the three queuing disciplines and explain their effect on the performance of the three applications. Packets Drop: Figure 4: IP Traffic Dropped for FIFO,PQ,WFQ. For all three cases, Transmission starts at 1 min 45 sec because for all three profiles start at time=100sec=1 min 40 sec and offset for each application from start of profile is 5 sec. Voice client/server rate= 500 packets/sec Video client/server: 130 packets/ sec FTP Client/server: 1- 33 packets/ sec For FTP, TOS=0 For Video TOS=4 For Voice TOS=6 In case of FIFO, there is only 1 queue of size 500 packets. In FIFO there is no priority to any type of traffic. When more packets arrive then transmitted, these are stored in a queue. If queue is full then any incoming packet will be dropped until there is some space in queue. As in case of FIFO there is no priority assigned to any type of traffic , queue will become full in less time because voice packets (500 packets/sec) will fill queue more quickly when router is transmitting other packets (packets of video and ftp client). For PQ, these are queue profile settings depending upon TOS of incoming traffic. For FTP, tos = 0, Priority= low, queue size= 80 packets For Video tos = 4, Priority = medium, queue size= 40 packets For Voice tos= 6, Priority = high, queue size= 20 packets Now PQ, Voice packets have highest priority. After voice, Video traffic has high priority and FTP has lowest priority. Affect of this is less dropped packets in queue because in PQ, each different TOS has different queue. Voice packets have highest priority so they are transmitted as soon as received. So now, ftp and video traffic cannot hold the bandwidth when there is voice packet to send. Similarly video traffic has priority over FTP. Important thing to note is that queue size is low for higher priority queues because low priority traffic need to wait more when there are high priority packets coming. Now for WFQ, Parameters are: For FTP, tos=0, weight = 1, queue size= 500 packets For Video tos=4, weight = 40, queue size= 500 packets For Voice tos=6, weight = 60, queue size= 500 packets Buffer capacity: 1000 packets For WFQ, although queue size is 500 for each queue but WFQ uses shared buffer that means it allows queue size to increase even after 500pkts until buffer capacity is filled. When buffer is full this means interface is in the state of congestion, now the interface starts enforcing the individual queue limits as explained in theory. So at 2 min and 40 sec approx, interface reaches at congestion state, now max size of each queue is enforced to 500 packets and new incoming packets are dropped. After congestion state, as now queue size has been enforced to 500 for each flow, now packets drop increase even a little bit more than PQ because in case of WFQ 40/101 ~= 40% BW is also assigned to Video traffic, So here Voice traffic has to wait when its turn for video packets causing packet loss after queue is full as opposed to PQ where voice traffic does not need to wait. Traffic Received for Video Conferencing: Figure 5: Video Conferencing Traffic Received. Traffic received for Video Conferencing is higher in the case of FIFO as compared to PQ and WFQ at steady state. For PQ, whole channel is occupied by voice packets because whenever there is voice traffic other traffic is stopped hence traffic received for Video Conferencing is less in PQ. Now for WFQ, at start traffic received is higher because system is not in congested state and WFQ is using shared buffer of 1000 packets size as compared to 500 packets buffer of FIFO, but as congestion state is achieved at approx 2 min 40 sec as shown in Fig4. Packet drop increases and now queue size of 500 packets is enforced for each queue. Also video packets are given weight of 40, while voice packets are given weight 60 this means video packets are given less priority which results in less traffic for video in WFQ. Traffic Received for VoIP: Figure 6: Voice Traffic Received. Traffic received for voice is less in case of FIFO as compared to the other two scenarios. FIFO is first come first serve based mechanism, in which no special traffic priority is given to any type of traffic. As in Fig5 In case of FIFO traffic received for Video traffic is more this surely leads to less traffic received for Voice traffic. In this case voice, FTP and video packets have equal opportunity. Now in case of PQ and WFQ, received traffic for voice is higher compared to the FIFO system. In PQ, Voice traffic is given highest priority and these packets are transmitted as soon as they are received, similarly voice traffic is also given priority in case of WFQ by assigning weight 60 as compared to 40 assigned for video traffic. Figure 7: Voice Traffic Received. If we further zoom in the Fig6 to analyze the small difference in the curves of PQ and WFQ for voice traffic. At start voice traffic is same for both, but after approx 2 min 30 sec, traffic received in case of WFQ fall a little bit due to congestion phenomenon in WFQ as already explained above in the report. End to End Delay for Voice Packets: Figure 8: Voice Packet End-to-End Delay. In case of PQ and WFQ, the end to end delays are almost negligible. Reason for such a small delay is the priority given to voice packets in case of PQ and WFQ. In PQ voice packets are given priority by stopping all other traffic when voice packets are coming and in WFQ voice packets are given priority by assigning higher weight i.e. approx 60% of bandwidth is assigned to voice traffic communication. In case of FIFO, there is no priority; all the packets are severed on first come and first out basis. So when there is video or FTP traffic, voice traffic has to wait. At start delay increases sharply, because at start buffer is empty and voice packets are served quickly but as buffer continues to fill up, delay increases because now voice packets has to wait more in buffer . When buffer is full, As in Fig8 at 2 min approx, now delay is approx constant with little variations because buffer is full so every packet has to wait at least until 500 packets of buffer are transmitted before its turn. Delay Variation for Voice Packets: Figure 9: Voice Packet Delay Variation and overlap with Voice packet End-to-End Delay. Packet delay variation is Variance among end to end delays for voice packets. From Fig9, Delay variation is less for PQ and WFQ as compared to FIFO. PQ and WFQ have the negligible delay variation. For FIFO, at start delay variation rises quickly to peak point this is because at start end to end delay variation is greater as buffer is empty and start filling as explained in Fig8 and then end to end delay becomes approx constant around a mean value when buffer is full as explained already in description of Fig8 which is reason why Packet delay variation decreases after peak point. Actually Packet Delay Variation does not only depend upon previous delay value. It is the cumulative effect of all the previous packets as we have already researched on it in period 2 Voice over IP delay measurements paper assignment in course Internet Services and Traffic Measurements. So as the end to end delay becomes more constant, packet delay variation value falls. In the case of PQ and WFQ delay variation is very small because end to end delay is very small; also there is no variation in end to end delay because voice packets are given highest priority in Both PQ and WFQ. Q2: In the implemented project, edit the Queues object and check the profiles assigned to the FIFO, PQ, and WFQ discipline. For each profile answer the following questions: How many queues are associated with each discipline? Table 1: Number of queues in each configuration Queue Configuration Number of queues FIFO 1 PQ 4 WFQ 8 In this lab, we used ToS to identify the priority and weight for the PQ and WFQ disciplines. What are the other parameters that can be used to identify the priority and weight? Protocol, Port and DSCP are the other parameters that can be used to identify priority and weight. In PQ, how are queues configured to serve different ToS values? Router identifies priority based on TOS field of the incoming packets and sort incoming packets in appropriate queue based on TOS. Table 2: PQ queue configuration Queue Priority Label ToS Queue Size 0 Low Best Effort(0),Background(1) 80 1 Normal Standard(2),Excellent(3) 40 2 Medium Steaming Multimedia(4),Interactive Multimedia(5) 60 3 High Interactive Voice(6),Reserved(7) 20 In WFQ, how are queues configured to serve different ToS values? In WFQ, weights are assigned to serve different TOS and TOS field of incoming packets is checked to route them in a specific queue and queues are served based on weights. Table 3: WFQ queue configuration Queue Weight ToS 0 1 Best Effort 1 10 Background 2 20 Standard 3 30 Excellent Effort 4 40 Streaming Multimedia 5 50 Interactive Multimedia 6 60 Interactive Voice 7 70 Reserved Q3: Compare queuing delay for all queuing disciplines. Queuing Delay for all scenarios: Figure 10: Queuing Delay for each configuration. From Fig10, FIFO has the worst queuing delay which is higher than the PQ because in case of FIFO there is only one queue and packets are served on first come first served basis. When there is other traffic, packets has to wait in queue. There is not much difference between the PQ and WFQ queuing delay. PQ has slightly higher queuing delay as compared to WFQ because PQ gives highest priority to voice traffic and when voice packets are coming then all other (Video and FTP) packets have to wait in queue while in case of WFQ each queue has a share in BW and packets in one queue does not disturbs the right of other queues to transmit. Specifically, in our example, there are more voice packets in traffic as compared to video packets. So assigning a weight of 60 to voice as compared to 40 for video justifies it. Conclusion In this lab, by using three different types of traffic, we analyzed the effect of different queuing systems on network performance in terms of packet loss, end to end delay and delay variation. In case of FIFO packets drop is greater as compared to PQ and WFQ. FIFO does not utilizes any priority scheme it works on first come first server basis ,when queue is full , incoming packets are dropped unless there is some space in queue. PQ gives priority to specific type of traffic, it is good when one type of traffic is very time sensitive and important and remaining traffic does not demand any special timing limits. PQ fails when there are many different types of traffic which are time sensitive because PQ does not shares Band Width equally with all types of traffics, So highest prioritized traffic can jam the rest of communication. WFQ is the combination of FIFO and PQ where bandwidth is shared between all queues and each queue get its turn in a round robin fashion. We concluded after analyzing graphs of different queues PQ and WFQ queuing system has very small end to end delay and delay variation which is required for real time applications where traffic is time sensitive e.g. VoIP or Video Conferencing.

Autism :: Psychology, Mental Health

Autism   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Autism is one of the mental, emotional, and behavior disorders that appears in early childhood. Autism, or autistic disorder, almost always develops within the first 3 years of a child's life. Children and adolescents with autism cannot interact normally with other people. Autism thus affects many aspects of their development.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Children with and adolescents with autism typically: -have a difficult time communicating with others -exhibit very repetitious behaviors (like rocking back and forth, head banging, or touching or twirling objects); -have a limited range of interests and activities; and -may became upset at a small change in their environment or daily routine.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although symptoms of autistic disorder sometimes can be seen in early infancy, the condition can appear after months of normal development. In most cases, it is not possible to identify any specific event that triggers autistic disorder. About 7 in every 10 children and adolescents with autistic disorder also have mental retardation or other problems with their brain function or structure.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Recent studies estimate that as many as 14 children out of 10,000 may have autism or a related condition. About 125,000 Americans are affected by these disorders, and nearly 4,000 families across the country have two or more children with autism. Three times as many boys as girls have autism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Researchers are still unsure about what causes autism. Several studies suggest that autistic disorder might be caused by a combination of biological factors, including exposure to a virus before birth, a problem with the immune system, or genetics.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Scientists also have identified chemicals in the brain and the immune